Vulvar cancer (cancer of the external female genitalia)

Vulvar cancer develops in around half of the women affected as a result of a persistent HPV infection. It is a rarer form of cancer that affects the external genital organs (labia, clitoris, vaginal vestibule).

In addition to HPV infections, risk factors include chronic skin diseases (lichen sclerosus), smoking and a weakened immune system (e.g., HIV).

In the UK, around 1,300 women develop the disease every year. The risk increases with age, especially in people over 70.

Early signs are itching, skin changes such as white patches, warts, nodules or sores that do not heal.

Usually discovered during a gynaecological examination. Suspicious areas are biopsied and examined microscopically.

The main treatment is surgical removal of the tumour. In severe cases, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used. Regular follow-up checks are important in order to recognise relapses at an early stage.

Surgery can change the external appearance and lead to sexual problems. Psychological support and reconstructive surgery can help to overcome these consequences.

Fertility is usually preserved after vulvar surgery. However, radiotherapy to the pelvic area can reduce the chances of pregnancy. If you wish to have children, possible measures should be discussed before treatment.

HPV vaccination is recommended to reduce the risk. Ideally, the vaccination should take place before the first sexual contact.